栈和队列
栈:先进后出
队列:先进先出
单链表实现队列
/**
* 单链表实现队列
* @param <T> 内部的数据类型
*/
static class MyQueue<T> {
static class Node<T> {
T value;
Node<T> next;
public Node(T data) {
this.value = data;
}
}
private Node<T> head;
private Node<T> tail;
private int size;
public int size() {
return this.size;
}
public void put(T value) {
Node<T> node = new Node<>(value);
if (head == null) {
head = node;
} else {
tail.next = node;
}
tail = node;
this.size++;
}
public T peek() {
return this.head != null ? this.head.value : null;
}
public T poll() {
T result = null;
if (this.head != null) {
result = this.head.value;
this.head = this.head.next;
this.size--;
}
// 移除最后一个元素时,需要将尾部置空,否则可能存在垃圾对象的问题
if (this.head == null) {
tail = null;
}
return result;
}
}
@Test
public void testMyQueue() {
MyQueue<String> queue = new MyQueue<>();
queue.put("a");
queue.put("b");
queue.put("c");
Assert.assertEquals(queue.size, 3);
Assert.assertEquals(queue.peek(), "a");
Assert.assertEquals(queue.poll(), "a");
Assert.assertEquals(queue.poll(), "b");
Assert.assertEquals(queue.poll(), "c");
Assert.assertEquals(queue.size, 0);
Assert.assertNull(queue.head);
Assert.assertNull(queue.tail);
}
单链表实现栈
/**
* 单链表实现栈
* @param <T> 值类型参数
*/
public static class MyStack<T> {
static class Node<V> {
V value;
Node<V> next;
public Node(V value) {
this.value = value;
}
}
private Node<T> head;
private int size;
public int size() {
return this.size;
}
public void push(T value) {
Node<T> node = new Node<>(value);
if (head != null) {
node.next = head;
}
head = node;
this.size++;
}
public T pop() {
if (size == 0) {
return null;
}
T value = head.value;
this.head = head.next;
this.size--;
return value;
}
}
@Test
public void testMyStack() {
MyStack<String> stack = new MyStack<>();
Assert.assertEquals(stack.size, 0);
stack.push("a");
stack.push("b");
stack.push("c");
Assert.assertEquals(stack.size, 3);
Assert.assertEquals(stack.pop(), "c");
Assert.assertEquals(stack.pop(), "b");
Assert.assertEquals(stack.pop(), "a");
Assert.assertEquals(stack.size, 0);
}
双链表实现双端队列
双端队列:支持lpush
、rpush
、lpoll
、rpoll
/**
* 双链表实现双端队列
*
* @param <T> 节点内容类型参数
*/
public static class MyDeque<T> {
static class Node<V> {
V value;
Node<V> next;
Node<V> last;
public Node(V value) {
this.value = value;
}
}
private Node<T> left;
private Node<T> right;
private int size;
public int size() {
return this.size;
}
public void lpush(T value) {
Node<T> node = new Node<>(value);
if (this.left == null) {
this.right = node;
} else {
this.left.last = node;
node.next = this.left;
}
this.left = node;
this.size++;
}
public void rpush(T value) {
Node<T> node = new Node<>(value);
if (this.right == null) {
this.left = node;
} else {
this.right.next = node;
node.last = this.right;
}
this.right = node;
this.size++;
}
public T lpoll() {
if (this.size == 0) {
return null;
}
T result = this.left.value;
if (this.size == 1) {
this.left = null;
this.right = null;
} else {
this.left = this.left.next;
this.left.last = null;
}
this.size--;
return result;
}
public T rpoll() {
if (this.size == 0) {
return null;
}
T result = this.right.value;
if (this.size == 1) {
this.left = null;
this.right = null;
} else {
this.right = this.right.last;
this.right.next = null;
}
this.size--;
return result;
}
}
@Test
public void testMyDeque() {
MyDeque<String> deque = new MyDeque<>();
Assert.assertEquals(deque.size(), 0);
deque.lpush("a");
deque.lpush("b");
Assert.assertEquals(deque.size(), 2);
deque.rpush("c");
deque.rpush("d");
Assert.assertEquals(deque.size(), 4);
Assert.assertEquals(deque.lpoll(), "b");
Assert.assertEquals(deque.lpoll(), "a");
Assert.assertEquals(deque.rpoll(), "d");
Assert.assertEquals(deque.rpoll(), "c");
Assert.assertEquals(deque.size(), 0);
}
数组实现栈
给定一个指定长度l的栈,创建一个长度为l的数组,并设置栈顶的索引。初始化为0,每当有数据压栈时,索引+1,出栈时,索引-1。移除元素不需要删除元素,只需要移动索引位置即可。
java代码如下:
/**
* 使用数组实现栈结构
*/
static class MyArrayStack {
private final int[] array;
private int cur; // 当前位置的索引,代表下一个可填充的位置
public MyArrayStack(int size) {
if (size < 1) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
}
array = new int[size];
cur = 0;
}
public void push(int value) {
if (cur == array.length) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("栈已经满了");
}
array[cur] = value;
cur++;
}
public int pop() {
if (cur == 0) { // 没有元素
throw new IllegalArgumentException("栈已经空了不能再取了");
}
return array[cur - 1];
}
}
数组实现队列
/**
* 使用数组实现队列
* 使用环形buffer,两个指针表示开始与结尾的位置。
* 将队列长度与数组长度比较,避免处理两个指针之间复杂的前后关系
*/
static class MyArrayQueue {
private final int[] array;
private int pushIndex;
private int popIndex;
private final int limit;
private int size;
public MyArrayQueue(int limit) {
if (limit <= 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
}
this.pushIndex = 0;
this.popIndex = 0;
this.limit = limit;
this.size = 0;
this.array = new int[limit];
}
public void push(int value) {
if (this.size == this.limit) {
throw new RuntimeException("队列已经满了");
}
array[this.pushIndex] = value;
size++;
pushIndex = nextIndex(pushIndex);
pushIndex++;
}
public int pop() {
if (this.size == 0) {
throw new RuntimeException("队列已经空了,没有元素可以弹出");
}
size--;
int res = array[popIndex];
popIndex = nextIndex(popIndex);
return res;
}
// 计算下一次的索引值(环状)
private int nextIndex(int index) {
return index == this.limit - 1 ? 0 : index + 1;
}
public boolean isEmpty() {
return this.size == 0;
}
}
可以返回最小元素的栈
实现一个特殊的栈,在基本功能的基础上,再实现返回栈中最小元素的功能
pop、push、getMin操作的时间复杂度都是 O(1)
设计为栈类型可以使用现成的栈结构
思路:
假设有一个空栈,
向栈中填入5 => [5] 此时,最小值为5
向栈中填入7 => [5, 7] 此时,最小值为5
向栈中填入6 => [5, 7, 6] 此时,最小值为5
向栈中填入4 => [5, 7, 6, 4] 此时,最小值为4
创建两个栈,一个栈用于保存元素,另一个栈用于记录这个栈某个状态下的最小元素,如下图:
右侧栈记录上次的状态的最小值,每次push,只要判断当前值与上次最小值得大小关系,即可得到这次push状态的最小值信息。
代码:
static class MyMinStack {
private final Stack<Integer> dataStack;
private final Stack<Integer> minStack;
public MyMinStack() {
this.dataStack = new Stack<>();
this.minStack = new Stack<>();
}
public void push(int data) {
if (dataStack.size() == 0) {
this.minStack.push(data);
} else {
int preMin = this.minStack.peek();
this.minStack.push(Math.min(preMin, data));
}
this.dataStack.push(data);
}
public int pop() {
this.minStack.pop();
return this.dataStack.pop();
}
public int getMin() {
return this.minStack.peek();
}
}
@Test
public void testStackMin() {
MyMinStack stack = new MyMinStack();
stack.push(5);
Assert.assertEquals(stack.getMin(), 5);
stack.push(7);
Assert.assertEquals(stack.getMin(), 5);
stack.push(6);
Assert.assertEquals(stack.getMin(), 5);
stack.push(4);
Assert.assertEquals(stack.getMin(), 4);
}
使用队列结构实现栈结构
准备两个队列,分别为主队列和辅队列。当调用push
方法时,向主队列添加元素。当调用pop方法弹出元素时,将最后一个元素之前的所有元素弹出到辅队列中,最后将主队列的元素弹出给方法,最后交换主队列与辅队列,即可完成栈的功能。
/**
* 使用队列实现栈
*/
static class QueueStack {
private Queue<Integer> mainQueue;
private Queue<Integer> helperQueue;
public QueueStack() {
mainQueue = new ArrayDeque<>();
helperQueue = new ArrayDeque<>();
}
public void push(Integer value) {
mainQueue.add(value);
}
public Integer pop() {
while (mainQueue.size() != 1) {
helperQueue.add(mainQueue.poll());
}
Queue<Integer> mainTemp = mainQueue;
this.mainQueue = helperQueue;
this.helperQueue = mainTemp;
return helperQueue.poll();
}
}
使用栈结构实现队列结构
如图所示:
队列包含两个栈,一个用于push,一个用于pop
向队列中添加四个元素,1,2,3,4,向push栈中依次放入他们
出队一个元素1,将push栈中的所有元素,压栈到pop栈中,并弹出栈顶元素1
入队一个元素5,将元素5压入push栈中
出队第二个元素2,这里如果pop栈不为空,那么直接弹出pop栈的栈顶
一直弹出到5,当pop栈为空时,将push栈的所有元素压入到pop栈中,并弹出栈顶,这个过程与第一个元素相同
代码如下:
/**
* 使用栈实现队列
*/
static class StackQueue {
private final Stack<Integer> push;
private final Stack<Integer> pop;
public StackQueue() {
this.push = new Stack<>();
this.pop = new Stack<>();
}
public void push(Integer value) {
push.push(value);
}
public Integer pop() {
if (pop.size() == 0 && push.size() == 0) {
throw new RuntimeException("没有元素可以弹出 ");
}
if (pop.size() == 0) {
while (!push.isEmpty()) {
pop.push(push.pop());
}
}
return pop.pop();
}
}
@Test
public void testStackQueue() {
StackQueue sq = new StackQueue();
sq.push(1);
sq.push(2);
sq.push(3);
sq.push(4);
System.out.println(sq.pop());
sq.push(5);
System.out.println(sq.pop());
System.out.println(sq.pop());
System.out.println(sq.pop());
System.out.println(sq.pop());
}
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